Prosocial crowdfunding was originally conceived as a financial mechanism to assist vulnerable unbanked populations, typically excluded from formal financial markets. It subsequently grew into a billion-dollar scheme (Kiva 2020a, https://www.kiva.org/blog/1-billion-in-life-changing-loans ) in the multi-billion-dollar crowdfunding industry. However, recent evidence claims prosocial crowdfunding may be shifting away from its goal to support the poor and underserved. Drawing on a composite social responsibility and framing theory framework, we examine the role that vulnerability plays in successfully raising funds in a prosocial crowdfunding context. (...) We conduct multilevel logistic regressions on a sample of microloans allocated to 105,727 ventures in 64 countries. Our results indicate that applying for funds through a field partner which caters to vulnerable populations may in fact have a negative effect on the entrepreneur’s request to be fully funded. Notwithstanding, framing the entrepreneur as being female or rural as key characteristics of individual vulnerability increases the project’s likelihood to be fully funded. This conflict offers noteworthy theoretical and practical implications for ethics in prosocial crowdfunding, an understudied field of research. (shrink)

The purpose of this paper is to propose a satisfying model-theoretic account of the notions of singularity, collective plurality, and distributive plurality expressed by both the nouns and the verbs of Papago according to Mathiot (1983). The approach will be algebraic in the sense of Link (1983). Informally, our proposal is that while English has only one form of plurality, Papago has two: one based on identity and the other on equivalence. The identity-based plural is one that Papago shares with (...) English and other Indo-European languages; the equivalence-based plural, on the other hand, is characteristic of Papago and other Native American languages. The extreme elaboration of the notion of multiplicity expressed in Papago follows from this proposal, given sufficiently rich models and independently motivated principles governing the semantics of roots (Wackernagel 1920; Ojeda 1993; Eschenbach 1993), markedness (Jakobson 1957), and verbs (Davidson 1967; Parsons 1990). (shrink)

Today’s medical ethics involve two different viewpoints based on how we understand the role of conscience in medicine and the purpose of healthcare. The first view, called the health-directed model, sees medicine as a way to improve health and promote healing, while also respecting the values of both patients and doctors. In this model, doctors need some discretionary space to decide how to achieve the best health outcomes in their practice. On the other hand, the service-provider model sees the main (...) goal of medicine as providing a service, especially healthcare, with a strong focus on protecting patient autonomy. In this view, doctors are required to provide care even when it goes against their personal beliefs. The goal of this article is to explore the foundations and arguments of these two medical models. Understanding the key ideas behind these models is important for deciding whether to support or oppose conscientious objection in medical ethics. Additionally, the article aims to figure out which model makes a stronger case and to offer advice on how to engage with the opposing view from a virtue ethics perspective. (shrink)

The meta-learning framework proposed by Binz et al. would gain significantly from the inclusion of affective and homeostatic elements, currently neglected in their work. These components are crucial as cognition as we know it is profoundly influenced by affective states, which arise as intricate forms of homeostatic regulation in living bodies.

In this pioneering new book, Sandra Harding and Robert Figueroa bring together an important collection of original essays by leading philosophers exploring an extensive range of diversity issues for the philosophy of science and technology. The essays gathered in this volume extend current philosophical discussion of science and technology beyond the standard feminist and gender analyses that have flourished over the past two decades, by bringing a thorough and truly diverse set of cultural, racial, and ethical concerns to bear (...) on questioning in these areas. Science and Other Cultures charts important new directions in ongoing discussions of science and technology, and makes a significant contribution to both scholarly and teaching resources available in the field. (shrink)

This essay attempts to clarify the position of Nāgārjuna in the history of Buddhist philosophy by comparing the concept of emptiness in the Pāli Nikāyas and the Mūlamadhyamakakārikā. It is argued that the identity of samsāra with nirvāna, the emptiness of svabhāva of all dharmas, and the equating of emptiness and dependent arising are not revolutionary innovations of Nāgārjuna or the second turning of the wheel of Dharma, but orthodox philosophical moves entailed by the teachings of early Buddhism.

Este artículo muestra que la preocupación filosófica sobre la violencia está presente en más de un momento en la obra de Jorge Millas y que su ensayo "Las máscaras filosóficas de la violencia" expresa una reflexión sobre este fenómeno que destaca por su hondura y penetración crítica. El análisis del declive ideológico que verifican algunas filosofías proporcionando argumentaciones teóricas que enmascaran o justifican la violencia con propósitos instrumentales, junto al privilegio de la perspectiva de las víctimas al momento de comprender (...) y valorar el hecho violento, son los ejes privilegiados en la presentación y ponderación de la postura de Millas. This article shows that the philosophical concern about violence is present more than once in Jorge Millas' work and that his essay Las máscaras filosóficas de la violencia expresses a reflection on this phenomenon that stands out for its depth and critical insight. The analysis of the ideological decline, verified by some philosophies that provide theoretical arguments which mask or justify violence with instrumental purposes, along with the privilege of the victims' perspective at the time of comprehending and assessing the violent act, are the privileged axes in the presentation and consideration of Millas' stance. (shrink)

En contraste a los efectos positivos del capital social, diversos autores llaman la atención sobre su “lado oscuro”. En este artículo exploramos una de sus manifestaciones. Proponemos que el capital social puede ser utilizado por políticos en relaciones clientelares para coaccionar a los ciudadanos, condicionando la continuidad de estas relaciones si los ciudadanos utilizan mecanismos de control social para sancionarlos. Proponemos entonces que el capital social puede limitar el ejercicio del control social. Luego de realizar distinciones analíticas sobre el capital (...) social, analizamos la relación entre ciudadanos y políticos desde la teoría principal-agente y para explicar la asimetría de poder entre ambos, utilizamos la teoría del intercambio disputadoformulada por la economía política radical. La tesis central es que tal como el capital favorece la dominación de los obreros en los mercados de trabajo capitalistas, el capital social puede favorecer la dominación de los ciudadanos en las relaciones clientelares. (shrink)

La sensación de que habitamos un período de crisis, apertura una conciencia nueva, de fluctuaciones múltiples entre pasado y presente y entre dos paradigmas sociales, ante una noción de simultaneidad que ha inaugurado el debate entre lo moderno y lo posmoderno. En este contexto, evaluar la vigencia ..

Even though the concept of sustainability emerged from a reality-life emergency, its discourse seems diverse, built even on different onto-gnoseological and teleological assupmtions. This is mainly due to the different perceptions of life held by individuals, as well as to the hegemonic class interests. Then, derived from this different perceptions of life and interests, has been the behavior of human beings on the Earth; sometimes in accordance to it, but many others in outright aggression to it. And if life’s way (...) shows life itself, it can be changed, even collapsed by the anthropic hegemonic actions that take place in the planet. It is therefore important to reflect on the categorical and conceptual frameworks that underlie discourse, in order to build a way of thinking that includes all formas of life, that enhances the eco-existentiality of the individual and its community for the enrichment of all. (shrink)

En esta comunicación se tratará un fenómeno creciente, la migración, desde la óptica de Seyla Benhabib, pensadora turca de nacionalidad estadounidense. La preocupación de esta pensadora es evidenciar los problemas y paradojas que existen en el seno de los estados nacionales con respecto, precisamente, a la condición que experimentan los inmigrantes. Es por ello que la autora apuesta por la membresía política, un sugerente concepto con que Benhabib dilucida uno de los grandes temas políticos y filosóficos de nuestro tiempo. El (...) dilema es precisamente éste: ¿Cómo apelar a derechos universales y a la vez sostener una identidad nacional en un Estado democrático, soberano? Como veremos, la teoría de Benhabib es un intento muy bien logrado de responder a estas preguntas aunque, como suele suceder, queden muchas otras en el aire. (shrink)

In this paper I argue that the Integrated Information Theory of Consciousness has an underlying emergentist metaphysics, specifically of a kind that has received minimal attention and we may call functionalist emergentism. I will try to show that in this scientific theory conscious experience is a functional-role property possessed by the whole system, not by their parts, which is dependent on, but also (purportedly) causally powerful over and above, the properties of the parts. However, I will argue that depicting conscious (...) experience as a functional-role emergent property threatens the whole coherence of the theory because, by definition, functional-realizers do all the causal work associated with the instantiation of any functional-role property on any occasion. Hence, to preserve the causal power of consciousness, which, as we will see, is one of the fundamental building blocks of the theory, linked to the assertion of the very existence of consciousness, phenomenal properties should be re-thought as realizers of the relevant informationally integrated causal-roles. (shrink)

This paper describes a scenario-based methodology called the NeOn Methodology framework. The aim of this framework is to speed up the construction of ontologies and ontology networks by reu...

En la Edad Moderna numerosos exiliados llegaron hasta la Corte de la Monarquía Hispánica en búsqueda de auxilio y refugio bajo el poder imperial de los Austrias. Uno de ellos fue Muley Hamet (Mawlāy Aḥmad), un príncipe jarife de la dinastía saʿdī de Marruecos, con aspiraciones de conseguir el amparo de Felipe IV para recuperar su legitimidad como heredero al trono de Fez. El análisis de la documentación burocrática que generó su incómoda presencia en Getafe, entre 1648 y 1649, servirá (...) en el presente artículo no solo para esclarecer esta enturbiada figura principesca entre otras de la época, sino también para reflexionar sobre los mecanismos de recepción de extranjeros en la corona castellana ante sujetos cuya confesión difería del catolicismo. (shrink)

Adolescence is a vital stage in a person´s development, stressful events within the most significant subsystems at this stage can lead to anxious-depressive symptomatology. The objective of this study was to design a socio-emotional narrative intervention program in order to decrease anxious-depressive symptoms in adolescents. We seek to strengthen emotional intelligence skills, such as: emotional awareness, self-image, self-concept, self-esteem and self-regulation. The research was quasi-experimental, pretest-post-test was carried out with control group and transverse temporality. The research approach was mixed. The (...) sample consisted of 80 women aged 13 to 15. Quantitative results showed a statistically significant difference in experimental group with medium effect for anxiety and small for depression as well as medium and high in the self-image. A qualitive analysis of the verbal and pictographic productions was carried out. It is important to continue proving the effectiveness of this socio-emotional narrative intervention to decrease anxious and depressive symptomatology in adolescents. (shrink)

La conciencia de un sujeto es condensación de la conciencia social del momento histórico de su constitución. La conciencia se forma con referentes de diversos modos de apropiación de lo real que se convierten en condición de incorporación de nuevos referentes, los cuales son traducidos a su lógica d..

Abductive Reasoning: Logical Investigations into Discovery and Explanation is a much awaited original contribution to the study of abductive reasoning, providing logical foundations and a rich sample of pertinent applications. Divided into three parts on the conceptual framework, the logical foundations, and the applications, this monograph takes the reader for a comprehensive and erudite tour through the taxonomy of abductive reasoning, via the logical workings of abductive inference ending with applications pertinent to scientific explanation, empirical progress, pragmatism and belief revision.

This article attempts to show the methodic scope of the well know connection of priority between temporality and historicity in the Frühe Freiburger Vorlesungen. Although this connection is explicit from a systematic point of view in Sein und Zeit, nevertheless it is already anticipated in these lectures and had here a methodic primacy. Therefore, the claim of the article is that the connection in this frame of priority between temporality and historicity implies a regulative ideal of self-determination that includes temporal (...) aspects of the existence. This regulative ideal of existence is the base of an analysis which distinguish the degree of originality in several forms of perform history. (shrink)

This work analyzes how the internal point of view, which represents the perspective of the participant in the legal domain, can be understood within a Hartian framework. It critically examines how legal conventionalism has dealt with this issue. In particular, it criticizes the way in which contemporary conventionalists represent the perspective of participants in legal practice on the basis of cognitive mental states. It also criticizes the way in which they understand how the rule of recognition constitutes the practice. To (...) address these problems, a model based on the philosophy of recognition is presented, showing how its historicity and the way it understands conflict may help to represent the participants' perspective from a practical point of view. (shrink)

Resumen: De acuerdo con los principales enfoques al respecto (Sexto, Diógenes Laercio, Galeno, B.Mates, Long, Bochenski, Lukasiewicz) la lógica (dialéctica) de los estoicos es principalmente un sistema deductivo, lo que, en términos actuales, ha sido visto como un sistema de lógica proposicional. La obra de Crísipo acerca de los cinco argumentos indemostrables constituye la principal base de dicho sistema. En este artículo se examina la naturaleza de dichos cinco indemostrables así como el llamando teorema de Antipatro y los esquemas básicos (...) de inferencia, o zemas. Por otra parte y en particular, sostengo que dichos argumentos indemostrables tienen otro importante rol para la filosofía y la historia de la lógica, cual es el de constituirse en una justificación de la deducción, un problema central en el presente. Se analiza, primero, la justificación por los indemostrables y por el principio de condicionalización y, segundo, la justificación cognitiva de la lógica implícita en un sistema estoico.Palabras clave: Crísipo de Solós; lógica; indemostrable; justificación; validez. (shrink)

This article examines the application of the ought‐implies‐can principle in the legal domain, especially in the relationship between obligations and responsibility. It addresses the challenge of cases in which an agent cannot do what is required of her, and yet it seems plausible to say that she has an obligation. To deal with these cases, two parallel distinctions are made: between rules of conduct and rules of imputation, and between doings and things done. It is proposed that these distinctions show (...) that the principle operates in two different but complementary ways: as part of prescriptive relations and as part of responsibility practices. (shrink)

El siguiente artículo intenta reflexionar acerca de los límites de la Filosofía de la Historia en el pensamiento de Hegel. Con este propósito, el esfuerzo se concentra en la interpretación de una cierta experiencia de lo histórico que nos presenta Hegel en su "Introducción a la Filosofía de La Historia". La exposición que hace el autor exhibe ciertos elementos que están vinculados al tratamiento filosófico Del asunto. Por otra parte, se muestra que la misma justificación de la Filosofía de la (...) Historia aparece bosquejada en este pasaje. Por último se introduce la discusión acerca de algunos aspectos problemáticos en el planteamiento hegeliano tomando en cuenta los resultados de esta interpretación. (shrink)

El budismo. Peter Harvey. Cambridge University Press, Madrid 1998. 468 pp. Ptas 2,995. ISBN 84-8323-014-3.

Bioethics has become a field of new challenges for Ibero-America and the Caribbean. A seeming uniformity in the region hides a rich heterogeneous society. A brief survey of bioethical developments in different Ibero- American countries is provided as well as the bioethical problems and approaches peculiar to the region. Some of the unique features of bioethics in this region, it is suggested, could infuse new life into the U.S. and European bioethics discussion. Finally, a bibliography of Ibero-American bioethics literature is (...) provided for North American and European readers. (shrink)

En Self-Constitution. Agency, Identity, and Integrity (2009), Christine Korsgaard defiende la conclusión de que el imperativo categórico rige la acción humana porque es el único principio que permite alcanzar la unidad psíquica plena, la cual, según Korsgaard, es un prerrequisito esencial para la acción efectiva. Para los agentes humanos, alcanzar esa unidad -que consiste en hacer coherentes distintos impulsos hacia la acción- es una actividad constante, denominada "autoconstitución". De acuerdo con Korsgaard, ésta es la fuente originaria de la normatividad y (...) de las identidades prácticas e incluso de la identidad personal. Después de exponer las ideas centrales del libro, presento dos objeciones: primero, critico la equiparación del imperativo categórico con la autoconstitución exitosa, pues no toda falla de auto-constitución es una falla moral. Segundo, argumento que la tesis de que la identidad personal es producto de la autoconstitución es problemática y que, al defenderla, Korsgaard confunde identidad práctica con identidad personal. In Self-Constitution. Agency, Identity, and Integrity (2009), Christine Korsgaard argues that the categorical imperative rules human action because it is the sole principle that allows us to reach the complete psychic unity that, Korsgaard thinks, is an essential prerequisite for effective action. Reaching this unity -which consists in making cohere diverging impulses for action- is for human agents a constant activity called "self-constitution." According to Korsgaard, this activity is the source of normativity, of human practical identities and even of personal identity. After explaining the main ideas of the book, I present two objections. First, I criticize the linkage of the categorical imperative to successful self-constitution, for not every failure of the latter counts as a moral failure. Second, I argue that the thesis that personal identity is a product of self-constitution is problematic and that it betrays a confusion between practical identity and personal identity. (shrink)

Este artículo explora las mutuas relaciones entre teoría del Derecho y teoría de la legislación en la actualidad. A partir de la constatación de tres exigencias recurrentes —mayor atención a la legislación por parte de una teoría del Derecho tradicionalmente centrada en la adjudicación, desarrollo de una teoría de la argumentación específ ica para el ámbito de la legislación y mayor relevancia del control ético de la legislación— se subrayarán los presupuestos positivistas que inspiran la teoría de la legislación desde (...) los escritos de Bentham y se sugerirá la necesidad de adaptar la teoría de la legislación a los planteamientos del llamado neoconstitucionalismo. (shrink)

En todo el mundo el populismo está transformando la democracia y asentando el llamado “giro punitivo”. Tan pronto como los politicos populistas se hacen con el poder siguen tres estrategias: colonización el poder, clientelismo en masa y legislación discriminatoria, basada en la escisión schmittiana del demos entre amigos y enemigos, según tres sistemas de clases sucesivos: el clásico clasismo economicista, el metaclasismo y el hiperclasismo. El feminismo punitivo es así el resultado coherente de la evolución del populismo punitivo.

En este trabajo se da noticia del último libro del profesor de Derecho penal, Eduardo Demetrio (UCLM) y se inscribe su crítica al llamado "Derecho penal del enemigo de Jakobs en el marco del auge del populismo en general y del populismo punitivo en particular.